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Contents
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From McDonald 2006 WR for Dakhleh and Kharga Oases:
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A more detailed scheme for the Early and Middle Holocene of the Eastern Sahara is presented by Vermeersch (2002, p.28) and derived from Hassan 1987:
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Predynastic Timeline
Two principal ways of dating the Predynastic are referred to in most literature – Petrie’s Sequence Dating (SD) based on pottery analysis (modified by Kantor in 1944), and Kaiser’s phases or Stuffe, which he first proposed in 1957 and then modified in 1964 and 1990. However, other attempts to resolve dating issues have also been attempted – notably Kemp (1982), Hendrickx (1989) and Wilkinson (1996). The Kaiser revision of Petrie is the reason why there are often two sets of terminology in use for the Upper Egyptian Predynastic.
Petrie believed that unification took place after Naqada III, and Kantor, (in 1944), that it took place after Naqada II.
In 1957 Kaiser, on the basis of his studies at Armant, recognized the validity of Petrie’s basic model, but saw far more continuity than Petrie had recognized, and divided his three Naqadan phases into eleven sub-phases. The main weakness of Kaiser’s 1957 model based on Armant, is that Naqada III, the critical period for discussions about unification, is very poorly represented at Armant, because it and other cemeteries were largely abandoned at the end of Naqada II, and it was not at all clearly defined. However, perhaps the biggest problem with Kaiser’s sequence is that although it was based around one site, it has been used as the basis for dating sites from all over Egypt, which ignores the possibility that there were regionally distinct chronological sequences.
In 1964 Kaiser moved his attention to the cemetery at Tura in Lower Egypt. At this site the identified three periods. More recent studies have suggested that horizons B and C should be incorporated into one period. This piece of work has often been used to tie in the Upper and Lower Egyptian sequences to synchronize the two areas.
Kemp’s 1982 pottery seriation-based computer analysis of Mahansa and el Amra-b also suggested that the Predynastic was confined to Naqada I and II, and that Naqada III actually belongs to the Early Dynastic.
Hendrickx (1989) analyzed concentrations of pottery and their distribution at a number of Predynastic cemeteries, and concluded that the broad evolution of pottery forms had been correctly identified by Petrie and Kaiser. He highlighted the probably invalidity of Kaiser’s Naqada IId2, and on the basis of his studies at Elkab suggested a sequence for Naqada III based on Kaiser but differing from it in a number of ways. His version is considered to be particularly useful for the period of state formation precisely because of the detail he expends on defining six stages in Naqada III.
In 1990 Kaiser again revised his chronology, adding a further three subdivisions and extending Naqada III to the end of the First Dynasty. In the new version, Naqada IIIb is further subdivided into IIIb1 and IIIb2, and Naqada IIIc is now divided into IIIc1, IIIc2, IIIc3/d1
Wilkinson’s 1996 analysis of pottery from Upper Egypt, Middle Egypt and Lower Egypt suggested yet another revision to Kaiser’s sequence, with Naqada I divided into a Ia, Ib, Ic and IIa, Naqada II divided into IIb, IIc, IId1 and IId2 and Naqada III presented as a unified assemblage that runs into the First Dynasty.
For the purposes of this paper, I have placed the first origins of state formation squarely in Naqada I, state consolidation in Naqada II, and unification followed by the establishment of Dynasty 0 and Dynasty 1 during Naqada III. Wilkinson puts state formation from the beginning of Naqada IIa1 to the middle of IIIb2. Hendrickx puts it at the beginning of IIIA1 to the end of IIIB and includes political unification. Kaiser’s sequence is used here, but the table below shows the rough equivalents for Kaiser’s and Hendrickx’s schemes for comparison (data adapted from Wengrow 2006, p.272, Bard 1994, Wilkinson 1996, p.12 and Wilkinson 2000, p.392):
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Wilkinson’s table offers another way of representing some of the above information:
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Different terminologies are used for Sinai and Egypt proper. These correspond roughly as follows (Bomann and Young 1994, p.30):
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Pharaonic, Ptolemaic, Roman and Byzantine Timeline
The following information is taken from the Tour Egypt website, with my thanks, at the following URL. To find out more, follow the link where you will find hyperlinks to more information about individual pharaohs:
http://www.touregypt.net/kings.htm
EARLY DYNASTIC PERIOD
1st Dynasty
(3050 - 2890)
Little actual history is known of the pharaohs of the early dynasties. Their monuments, however, are some of the most studied artifacts in the world.
Horus Aha
Djer (Itit)
Djet (Wadj)
Den (Udimu)
Anendjib
Semerkhet
Qa'a
2nd Dynasty
(3890-2686)
Hetepsekhemwy (Hotepsekhemwy)
Reneb (Nebra)
Ninetjer (Nynetjer)
Peribsen (Seth-Peribsen)
Khasekhemwy
OLD KINGDOM
The age of the Pyramid. The pyramids of Giza and Dahshur are built during this period.
3rd Dynasty
Sanakhte (Nebka) 2650 - 2630
Netjerykhet (Djoser) 2630 - 2611
Sekhemkhet (Djoser Teti) 2611 - 2603
Khaba 2603 - 2599
Huni 2599 - 2575
4th Dynasty
Snefru 2575 - 2551
Khufu (Cheops) 2551 - 2528
Djedefre 2528 - 2520
Khafre (Chephren) 2520 - 2494
Menkaure (Mycerinus) 2490 - 2472
Shepseskaf 2472 - 2467
5th Dynasty
Userkaf 2465 - 2458
Sahure 2458 - 2446
Neferirkare Kakai 2477-2467
Shepseskare Ini 2426 - 2419
Neferefre 2419 - 2416
Niuserre Izi 2453 - 2422
Menkauhor 2422 - 2414
Djedkare Izezi 2388 - 2356
Unas 2375-2345
6th Dynasty
Teti 2345 - 2333
Pepy I (Meryre) 2332 - 2283
Merenre Nemtyemzaf 2283 2278
Pepy II (Neferkare) 2278 - 2184
FIRST INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
This was a very troubled time. There was a breakdown of centralized government, with many kings having overlapping reigns. Montuhotep established order from his capital at Thebes.
7th and 8th Dynasties
2150 - 2135
Netrikare
Menkare
Neferkare II
Neferkare III
Djedkare II
Neferkare IV
Merenhor
Menkamin I
Nikare
Neferkare V
Neferkahor
Neferkare VI
Neferkamin II
Ibi I
Neferkaure
Neferkauhor
Neferirkare II
Attested Kings about whom nothing more is known
Wadjkare
Sekhemkare
Iti
Imhotep
Isu
Iytenu
9th and 10th Dynasties
2135 - 1986
Neferkare
several kings named Kheti
Meri-Hathor (?)
Merikare
11th Dynasty
Inyotef I (Sehertawy) 2134 - 2117
Inyotef II (Wahankh) 2117-2069
Inyotef III (Nakhtnebtepnefer) 2069 - 2060
MIDDLE KINGDOM
This period is marked with foreign trade and enormous building projects. There is a refinement in the making of jewelry. Prosperity and renaissance existed for a long period of time, but eventually, internal problems become apparent.
11th Dynasty
Mentuhotep II 2055 -2004
Mentuhotep III (Sankhkare) 2004 - 1992
Mentuhotep IV (Nebtawyre) 1992 - 1987
12th Dynasty
Amenemhet I (Sehetepibre) 1991 - 1962
Senusret I (Kheperkare) 1956 - 1911
Amenemhet II (Nubkaure) 1911 - 1877
Senusret II (Khakheperre) 1877 - 1870
Senusret III (Khakaure) 1836 - 1817
Amenemhet III (Nimaatre) 1817 - 1772
Amenemhet IV (Maakherure) 1772 - 1763
Neferusobek (Sobekkare) 1763 - 1759
SECOND INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
The Hyksos invade and conquer. Eventually the Theban princes regain power. Kamose defeats the Hyksos.
13th Dynasty
Wegaf 1783-1779
Amenemhat-senebef
Sekhemre-khutawi
Amenemhat V
Sehetepibre I
Iufni
Amenemhat VI
Semenkare
Sehetepibre II
Sewadjkare
Nedjemibre
Sobekhotep I
Reniseneb
Hor I
Amenemhat VII
Sobekhotep II
Khendjer
Imira-mesha
Antef IV
Seth
Sobekhotep III
Neferhotep I 1696 - 1686
Sihathor 1685 - 1685
Sobekhotep IV 1685 - 1678
Sobekhotep V 1678 - 1674
Iaib 1674 - 1664
Ay 1664 - 1641
Ini I
Sewadjtu
Ined
Hori
Sobekhotep VI
Dedumes I
Ibi II
Hor II
Senebmiu
Sekhanre I
Merkheperre
Merikare
14th Dynasty
Nehesi
Khatire
Nebfaure
Sehabre
Meridjefare
Sewadjkare
Heribre
Sankhibre
Kanefertemre
Neferibre
Ankhkare, ...
15th Dynasty
Salitis
Bnon
Apachnan (Khian)
Apophis (Auserre Apepi)
Khamudi
16th Dynasty
Anat-Her
User-anat
Semqen
Zaket
Wasa
Qar
Pepi III
Bebankh
Nebmaatre
Nikare II
Aahotepre
Aaneterire
Nubankhre
Nubuserre
Khauserre
Khamure
Jacob-Baal
Yakbam
Yoam
Amu, ...
17th Dynasty
Antef V
Rahotep
Sobekemzaf I
Djehuti
Mentuhotep VII
Nebirau I
Nebirau II
Semenenre
Suserenre
Sobekemzaf II
Antef VI
Antef VII
Tao I (Senakhtenre)
Tao II (Sekenenre)
Kamose (Wadjkheperre)
NEW KINGDOM
Extreme prosperity and renaissance in art and building projects mark the beginning of this period. Towards the end of the 19th Dynasty the increasing power of the priesthood corrupts the central government. During the 20th Dynasty tomb robbing is done by officials. The priesthood becomes hereditary and begins to assume secular power. The government breaks down.
18th Dynasty
Ahmose (Nebpehtyre) 1539 - 1514
Amenhotep I (Djeserkare) 1514 - 1493
Thutmose I (Akheperkare) 1493 - 1481
Thutmose II (Akheperenre) 1491 - 1479
Hatshepsut (Maatkare) 1473 - 1458
Thutmose III (Menkheperre) 1504 - 1450
Amenhotep II (Akheperure) 1427 - 1392
Thutmose IV (Menkheperure) 1419 - 1386
Amenhotep III (Nebmaatre) 1382 - 1344
Amenhotep IV / Akhenaten 1350 - 1334
Smenkhkare (Ankhkheperure) 1336-1334
Tutankhamun (Nebkheperure) 1334 - 1325
Ay (Kheperkheperure) 1325 - 1321
Horemheb (Djeserkheperure) 1323 - 1295
19th Dynasty
Ramesses I (Menpehtyre) 1295 - 1294
Seti I (Menmaatre) 1394 - 1279
Ramesses II (Usermaatresetepenre) 1279 - 1213
Merenptah (Baenrehotephirmaat) 1213 - 1203
Amenmesse (Menmire) 1203 - 1200
Seti II (Userkheperuresetepenre) 1200 - 1194
Siptah (Akhenresetepenre) 1194 - 1188
Tausert (Sitremeritamun) 1185-1187
20th Dynasty
Setakht (Userkhauremeryamun) 1186 - 1184
Ramesses III (Usermaatremeryamun) 1184 - 1153
Ramesses IV (Hekamaatresetepenamun) 1153 - 1147
Ramesses V (Usermaatresekheperenre) 1147 - 1143
Ramesses VI (Nebmaatremeryamun) 1143 - 1136
Ramesses VII (Usermaatresetepenre) 1136 - 1129
Ramesses VIII (Usermaatreakhenamun) 1129 - 1126
Ramesses IX (Neferkaresetepenre) 1126 - 1108
Ramesses X (Khepermaatresetepenre) 1108 - 1099
Ramesses XI (Menmaatresetepenptah) 1099 - 1069
THIRD INTERMEDIATE PERIOD
The capital moves from Tanis to Libyan, to Nubia, to Thebes, to SAIS, and then back to Nubia and Thebes.
21st Dynasty
Northern Kings Southern Rulers at Thebes
Smedes 1070-1044 Herihor 1080-1074
Amenemnisu 1040 Piankh 1074-1070
Psusennes I 1040-992 Pinedjem I 1070-1032
Amenope 993-984 Masaherta 1054-1046
Osochor 984-978 Menkheperre 1045-992
Siamun 978-959 Smendes II 992-990
Psusennes II 959-945 Pinedjem II 990-969
Psusennes III 969-945
22nd Dynasty
Shoshenq I 945-924
Osorkon I 924-909
Takelot 909--?
Shoshenq II ?--883
Osorkon II 883-855
Takelot II 860-835
Shoshenq III 835-783
Pami 783-773
Shoshenq IV 773-735
Osorkon IV 735-712
23rd Dynasty
Pedubaste I 828-803
Osorkon IV 777-749
Peftjauwybast 740-725
24th Dynasty
Shepsesre Tefnakht I 725-720
Wahkare Bakenranef 720-715
LATE KINGDOM
The Nubians fall under the Assyrians invasion. The Greeks help re-establish order. A renaissance in the arts of the 25th Dynasty shows a return to the Old Kingdom style.
25th Dynasty
Piye 747-716 BC
Shebaka 712-698
Shebitku 698-690
Taharqa 690-664
Tantamani 664-657
26th Dynasty
Psammetichus I (Psam-tik) 664-610
Nekau (Necho) II 610-595
Psammetichus II 595-589
Apries 589-570
Amasis 570-526
Psammetichus III 526-525
27th Dynasty
Cambyses 525-522
Darius I 521-486
Xerxes I 486-466
Artaxerxes I 465-424
Darius II 424-404
28th Dynasty
Amyrtaios 404-399
29th Dynasty
Nepherites I 399-393
Psammuthis 393
Hakoris 393-380
Nepherites II 380
30th Dynasty
The 30th Dynasty contains the last of the Egyptian-born Pharaohs.
Nectanebo I 380-362
Teos 365-360
Nectanebo II 360-343
SECOND PERSIAN PERIOD (343-332 B.C.)
31st Dynasty
The 31st Dynasty in also known as the Second Persian Period and was added after Manetho created his list of kings..
Ochus (Artaxerxes III) 343-338
Arses 338-336
Darius III Codomannus 335-332
GRECO-ROMAN PERIOD (332 B.C. - 395 A.D.)
Macedonian Kings - Alexandria
Alexander the Great 332-323
Philip Arrhidaeus 323-316
Alexander IV 316-304
Ptolemaic Dynasty
This period is confusing due to all of the co-regencies. Scholars are not always in agreement on the order of reigns and, in some case, the reigns themselves, from Ptolemy VI through Ptolemy XI. In any event, Egypt's authority and wealth was intact until the death of Cleopatra, at which time, Egypt was overpowered by Rome.
Ptolemy I Soter I 323-285
Ptolemy II Philadelphus 282-246
Ptolemy III Euergeter I 246-222
Ptolemy IV Philopator 222-205
Ptolemy V Epiphanes 205-180
Ptolemy VI Philometor 180-164 163-145
Ptolemy VII Neos Philopator 145
Ptolemy VIII Euergetes II 170-163 &
145-116
Cleopatra III & Ptolemy IX Soter II 116-107 &
88-80
Cleopatra III & Ptolemy X Alexander I 107-88
Cleopatra Berenice 81-80
Ptolemy XI Alexander II 80
Ptolemy XII Neos Dionysos 80-58 &
55-51
Berenice IV 58-55
Cleopatra VII & Ptolemy XIII 51-47
Cleopatra & Ptolemy XIV 47-44
Cleopatra VII & Ptolemy XV Cesarion 44-30 BC
Roman Emperors
Augustus 30 B.C. - 14 A.D.
Tiberius 14-37
Gaius Caligula 37-41
Claudius 41-54
Nero 54-68
Galba 68-69
Otho 69
Vitellius 69
Vespasianus 69-79
Titus 79-81
Domitianus (Domitian) 81-96
Nerva 96-98
Trajanus (Trajan) 98-117
Hadrianus (Hadrian) 117-138
Antoninus Pius 138-161
Marcus Aurelius 161-180
Lucius Verrus
Commodus 180-192
Pertinax 193
Didius Julianus 193
Septimus Severus 193-211
Caracalla 211-217
Macrinus 217-218
Heliogabalus 218-222
Alexander Severus 222-235
Maximinus 235-238
Pupienus 238
Gordianus 238-244
Philippus 244-249
Decius 249-251
Gallus 251-253
Valerianus 253-260
Gallienus 260-268
Claudius II 268-270
Aurelianus 270-275
Tacitus 275-276
Florianus 276
Probus 276-282
Carus 282-283
Numerianus 283-284
Diocletian 284-305
Galerius 305-311
Licinius 308-324
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Copyright Andie Byrnes 2007